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Bahnanlage and Track Rules
What Is a Velodrome?
A velodrome is a specially designed cycling track for track cycling. Unlike road races, all competitions take place on a closed, banked oval circuit. The UCI (Union Cycliste Internationale) requires a standardised 250-metre oval for international championships and the Olympics – with two long straights and two tight bends whose banking enables speeds of over 70 km/h.
Velodromes are more than mere sports facilities: they are training centres, competition arenas and cultural landmarks of cycling. Famous venues such as Lee Valley VeloPark in London, the Velodromo di Montichiari in Italy or Caulfield Velodrome in Australia have made history. Anyone who understands the track rules will recognise tactical manoeuvres in sprint, Keirin or Madison much more clearly.
Structure of a Velodrome
Tree structure from outside to inside:
- Velodrome building → 250 m oval → straights (63.43 m) and bends (radius 23–25 m)
- Inner area: sprint straight, warm-up lane
- Outer area: spectator stands and commissaires' area
Colour coding: bends darker, straights lighter; marking lines in red, blue, black and white.
The 250-Metre Oval: Dimensions and Features
The UCI standard for international competitions is based on a UCI Track Length of exactly 250 metres per lap. This length has proven itself historically because it makes both sprint and endurance disciplines equally demanding. Shorter tracks (e.g. 200 m) exist at regional venues but are not permitted for World Championships and the Olympics.
Key Data of the UCI Track
The incline of the bends is not merely an architectural detail: it generates the centripetal force that keeps riders in the bend. Professionals use the banking geometry deliberately – they ride high in the bend for more momentum or low for shorter lines. Beginners first train on the basic line before riding higher lines in the bend.
Velodrome Markings: The Language of the Track
Every UCI-compliant track is marked with coloured lines. These lines are not decorative – they define rights, obligations and penalties in competition. Ignoring them risks disqualification or time penalties.
The Most Important Lines at a Glance
Lines and Disciplines Compared
UCI Track Rules: Conduct in Competition
The UCI track regulations differ fundamentally from road regulations. There is no drafting in the classic sense, no feed zones and no mountain classifications – instead, strict rules apply to positioning, overtaking and changes of lead.
Basic Principles of Track Conduct
- Right of way: Whoever leads may choose the line – the chaser must give way
- Switching Between Lines: Below the red sprinter line, a lane change is only permitted if sufficient distance to the chaser exists
- No overtaking on the inside: A rider on the inner lane (blue band) must not be passed on the inside
- Track stand: In sprint, a rider may remain stationary for up to 30 seconds (balance on the track)
- Leaving the track: Deliberately leaving the riding surface leads to disqualification
Important
The red sprinter line is the most frequent point of dispute in commissaires' decisions. A rider who forces an opponent below the red line is usually disqualified – regardless of whether they win the race.
Discipline-Specific Particularities
Sprint and team sprint: Tactical cat-and-mouse in the first two laps; only the last 200 metres count. Head-butting, deliberate braking and squeezing are forbidden.
Keirin: The Derny rider sets the pace; after pulling off, the sprint begins. Positioning in the last two laps is decisive.
Pursuit and team pursuit: Against the clock or head-to-head on the black pursuit line. Direct blocking is not permitted.
Points race and Madison: Multiple riders simultaneously on the track. In Madison, special exchange rules apply – the partner must be brought into the race by hand sling or push.
Scratch and elimination: Mass start across the full track width; in elimination, the last rider is eliminated each lap.
Commissaires' Decision on Rule Violation
Safety Rules on the Track
Track cycling is highly dynamic and carries significant risks if rules are ignored. Velodromes therefore have strict safety requirements for riders, support staff and spectators.
Checklist: Safety Before Training
- ✓ Helmet with UCI approval and correct fit
- ✓ Track bike with fixed gear and functioning fixed-gear brake (back-pedalling)
- ✓ No loose spokes, no gears, no brake levers on the handlebar
- ✓ Warm up on the warm-up lane, not on the competition track
- ✓ Ride anti-clockwise (international standard)
- ✓ Maintain distance from other riders – no sudden swerving
- ✓ In a crash, leave the track immediately and wait on the inside
A track bike has no freewheel hub. If you stop pedalling, you brake immediately. This is a deliberate safety feature – and at the same time the most common mistake for beginners.
Conduct in Crashes and Accidents
In a crash: leave the track immediately, do not remain lying on the riding surface. Commissaires may neutralise the race. Injured riders are treated by medics; the race continues only when the track is clear. In team disciplines such as the team pursuit, a complete restart may be ordered if the crash occurs early in the run.
Equipment Rules for the Track
Track bikes are subject to strict UCI equipment regulations. Unlike road racing, there are no gears, no handlebar brakes and no freewheel.
Mandatory Equipment and Prohibitions
Permitted and required:
- Fixed gear (gear ratio according to discipline and rider height)
- Fixed-gear hub
- UCI-compliant frame geometry
- Special track wheels with high flange height
- Time trial or sprint handlebars depending on discipline
Forbidden:
- Freewheel hub
- Brake levers and braking systems on the handlebar
- Gears of any kind
- Electronic shifting or braking aids
- Frames below the UCI minimum weight (checked before World Championships)
Tip
The gear ratio (chainring and sprocket) is set before the competition and cannot be changed during an event. Professionals calculate the optimal gear ratio for each discipline and distance in advance.
From Training to World Cup: Practical Knowledge
Anti-Clockwise
On UCI tracks, riding is anti-clockwise internationally. The left-hand bend is the first after the start – this feels unfamiliar to road riders at first but is uniform worldwide. In some regional venues in Germany, riding clockwise or anti-clockwise still varies; always read the velodrome's house rules before your first training session.
Track Etiquette for Beginners
- Slower riders stay inside, faster riders overtake outside
- Before overtaking, call out loudly "Left!" or "Right!"
- Do not brake suddenly or change line
- No training on the track during official competitions
- Respect for commissaires and track staff
Track Cycling Worldwide
Over 500 UCI-licensed velodromes worldwide
12 Olympic track disciplines (men and women)
Over 65 km/h average speed in the sprint final
The popularity of track cycling has grown continuously since the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.
Frequently Asked Questions About Velodromes and Track Rules
FAQ
Q: Can I ride on the track with my road bike?
A: No. Only track bikes with a fixed gear are permitted.
Q: What happens in the event of a rule violation in sprint?
A: Depending on severity: warning, relegation (one place back) or disqualification.
Q: How long is an Olympic track?
A: Exactly 250 metres per lap, measured on the black pursuit line.
Q: Why are there no brakes?
A: The fixed-gear brake by back-pedalling is sufficient; additional brakes would increase crash risk in the bends.
Q: Can I use a velodrome as a recreational rider?
A: Many venues offer beginner courses and public riding sessions – a track bike and an induction are usually required.
Related Topics
- Track Cycling – Overview of All Disciplines
- Sprint – Rules and Tactics on the Track
- Track Bikes – Special Requirements
- Track World Championships
- Velodromes and Cycling Venues Worldwide
Last updated: 3 July 2026